There are six syllable types & using the acronym CLOVER is a useful tool when memorizing them. 

An affix is a word that can be added to a root word to modify its meaning. The two main types of affixes are prefixes and suffixes. For example, in the word prescreening, pre- is the prefix and -ing is the suffix, while "screen" is the root.

A homonym is a word that is spelled and pronounced like another but has a different meaning.

A Minimal Pair is a pair of words, as pin and bin, or bet and bed, differing only by one sound in the same position in each word, especially when such a pair is taken as evidence for the existence of a phonemic contrast between the two sounds.